Technical level: **
All the way back in part 4, I talked about a zoology of automation types. My lingo has evolved a bit, and I sometimes talk about "the automation spectrum" or yesterday I talked about "the automation toolbox". Different terms for the same thing. 😉
There are three basic types of automation we've been talking about to date,
- Unit testing, which occurs on parts of the code itself. It's really great for checking business rules.
- API testing, which involves the integration usually of an application layer to a lower layer, but can be used to drive a front end as well. It works by inserting commands and scenarios for a system to react.
- GUI testing, which is testing from the user interface. Entering data, pushing buttons etc.
A decade ago when we were talking about automation within the context of testing, we were almost always thinking about a GUI test tool. Typically the notoriously unreliable record-and-playback tools.
To really be smart in their use, it helps to not just choose one, but to learn to use them all.
Why? What's the advantage?
One of the key things is speed!
Try using this online dice roller here. When you click to roll the dice it,
- sends a request back to the server
- the server rolls a dice
- the server renders a new page
- your browser has to load up a new page (I know because I'm on a slow connection and can see it loading)
- the page has to download an image corresponding to the number (it takes a moment for this to load too)
- done
All told it can take about 2 seconds for a roll. There is another site which is as slow, and there's an animation which shows a rolling dice, so it really can't go faster.
When we were looking at dice rolling under our unit test, we were able to run about 600,000 dice rolls in the same time. All that test needed to do was to call the method which generated the random number. So the round-trip is considerably faster (it helps it doesn't have to travel half way around the world and back for sure).
This is generally what we find in automation - unit testing is several orders of magnitude faster than GUI testing, with API testing somewhere in-between.
In my consultation with different automators, a great piece of advice they've given is all around thinking about testing at the appropriate layer. This was summed up by a quote "don't test the database with a GUI tool". A bit like the online dice roller, you have to take a long trip through a lot of layers, which you need to do once in a while, but if there's a lot of test you need to do, you want to move them much closer to the area you're testing.
An example came out last week when we were talking about ways to test a csv file upload. I showed a method I used, we have line-by-line error messaging for uploads, so I make a file full of friendly uploads. Then I make one where the first line is good, but line by line I break a rule - whether too many characters here, or a number in a text only field etc.
It makes for a great manual test, and we were thinking about how to automate it, originally as a GUI test. Then we realised that each line where I'd kept or broke the rules really belonged as a JUnit test - it'd be much faster that way.
Something else which came out when we discussed this further at our company technical test study group was there was another reason to push for more JUnit testing. It's also far easier to write a JUnit test for complicated data than it is to write a GUI one,
- In a GUI test you tend to have to create a data item going through a series of processes. For instance if you needed a suspended customer account, you might have to create it, validate it, then go in as an admin and suspend.
- In a JUnit test you can just declare an item, and have the ability inside the code to set certain fields. For instance, "declare a customer object, and set the status to suspended".
This makes for much simpler tests, but it brings challenges. Developers and testers need to be able to look more at what's in place in terms of unit tests, and to make things visible. We tend to have lovely dashboard for status of GUI and API tests, but the JUnit checks can be a little less visible to a tester (although you'd hope if a test fails, it won't build, so it'd be always 100% right?).
Beware The Pyramid Of Doom! *
The idea that to take best use of the speed of unit and API tests (which also tend to be more robust as well because data and interface items tend to change much less than GUI elements) you need more of them than GUI tests has been represented in a model you've probably heard of called the automation pyramid which I first read about in Lisa Crispin and Janet Gregories Agile Testing.
Simply put, because they're so much faster and easier, you'll want more unit tests than API tests than GUI tests.
Hopefully you'll see from the above why - faster and simpler!
Lisa and Janet's book was written in 2009, but as we discussed in our study group, go back just a few years around New Zealand, and we pretty much had a test pyramid then ... it just went the other way ...
As we've embraced more agile methodology and particularly the idea of automation as a toolbox over a tool, we're taking huge leaps to embrace this pyramid more in our use of automation.
* Unless you haven't noticed, The Pyramid Of Doom in automation looks somewhat like this ...
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